
- Boats and ships
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by sara
RUBRICA SETTIMANALE “PAROLA DI SKIPPER” | LA MASTRA
Attrezzatura
2.3 La mastra
La mastra è l’apertura, praticata sul ponte di coperta, attraverso la quale passa l’albero, quando questo è passante. Essendo notevolmente sollecitata dall’albero, specialmente in seguito ai movimenti di beccheggio e di rollio, è sempre dotata di opportuni rinforzi sia trasversali che longitudinali.
Inoltre, allo scopo di permettere una corretta regolazione della flessione dell’albero durante la messa a punto dell’imbarcazione, la mastra è provvista di un sistema per fermare l’albero nel punto desiderato in senso longitudinale e trasversale. Questo sistema va dalle semplici “zeppe” di legno sistemate tutt’intorno all’albero una volta per tutte, a sofisticati congegni meccanici o idraulici, che consentono regolazioni anche sotto vela, per concorrere con altri accorgimenti a adeguare la curvatura dell’albero alle condizioni del momento.
Una variazione nella curvatura dell’albero determina a sua volta una modifica nella forma della randa. Se, ad esempio, il vento è leggero e c’è un po’ di mare residuo, occorrerà “ingrassare” la randa, per renderla più potente: con ciò non si potrà fare una bolina molto stretta, ma la barca, in compenso, manterrà l’abbrivo e la VMG (Velocity Made good), migliorerà.
In questo caso potrà essere opportuno azzerare la curvatura dell’albero, e ciò si otterrà mediante diverse regolazioni dell’attrezzatura (volanti basse, stralletto, paterazzo) e spostando l’albero indietro in corrispondenza della mastra. Al contrario, più il vento rinfresca, più sarà opportuno uno “smagrimento” della randa, che si otterrà mediante varie regolazioni, tra cui l’aumento della curvatura dell’albero e il suo conseguente spostamento verso prua in corrispondenza della mastra.
Queste regolazioni sono generalmente possibili sulle barche da regata. Gli effetti che esse producono sono molto considerevoli, mantenendo elevate le prestazioni dell’imbarcazione nelle varie condizioni di vento e mare. Ma le complicazioni e il lavoro che comportano non sono graditi al crocierista, spesso a corto di equipaggio. Motivo per il quale la mastra dell’imbarcazione da crociera è generalmente ben “inzeppata” in una posizione intermedia, ed è poi rivestita accuratamente mediante una “cappa”, che impedisce all’acqua di penetrare all’interno.
Anche in questo caso, tuttavia, la mastra assolve l’importante funzione di tenere l’albero più fermo possibile, soprattutto nel beccheggio, quando viene fortemente sollecitato a flettersi alternativamente in avanti e indietro (a “pompare”, come si dice), cosa più difficile da ottenere con l’albero poggiato in coperta.
Poiché le sartie di sopravento, venendo in forza, si allungano, l’albero tende a forzare sul lato di sottovento della mastra, potendo così assumere un’indesiderata curvatura laterale. Per ovviare a questo inconveniente, su alcune imbarcazioni da regata la mastra consente un certo gioco all’albero, solo lateralmente. Su alcune piccole derive, infine, la mastra consente un ampio gioco all’albero, per poterlo flettere mediante il vang.
Tratto dal libro Parola di Skipper, Editrice Incontri Nautici di Giancarlo Basile
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